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PUBLIC INSTRUCTION DEPARTMENT. 


A 

FIRST BOOK OF BOTANY 


FOR 


SINHALESE STUDENTS. 


BY 

W. KNIGHT JAMES, F.R.G.S., F.R. HIST. S., 

PRINCIPAL AND SCIENCE MASTER OF THE GOVERNMENT 
NORMAL SCHOOL, AND INSPECTOR OF SCIENCE TO THE 
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 



FRANK LUKER, 



COLOMBO: 

ACTING GOVERNMENT PRINTER. 


1883 . 












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PREFACE. 


The substance of this little book has formed, for 
some years past, the notes used in our Vernacular 
classes. They have, however, been completely re¬ 
vised, and to a great extent altered and re-written. 
The labour in preparing the work has been by no means 
a light one, for‘two reasons :—In the first place, all the 
botanical terms and nomenclature had to be either 
manufactured, or adapted from the Sanskrit; for ob¬ 
vious reasons, the latter course has been generally 
followed, but good significant Sinhalese words have 
always been used when possible, and the terms, I think, 
will be found at least as intelligible to the Sinhalese 
student as are those used in English to the student 
in that language. Secondly, illustrations and ex¬ 
amples have been almost entirely confined to such 
plants as have Sinhalese names. To have gone beyond 
this would have made the book useless to the persons 
for whom it is intended. That the book has many 
imperfections I doubt not, but it has at least the merit 
of being the first attempt at writing a scientific class- 
book in the Sinhalese language. 

My thanks are due to Mr. D. E. Johannes, of the 
Normal School, for valuable assistance whilst the book 
was going through the press, 

Colombo, 22nd May, 1883. 


w: k. j. 


















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CONTENTS. 
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LESSONS. PAGE. 

Introduction. 


I. The general appear¬ 

ance of a flower 6 

II. Germination ... 

, 10 

III. Root 

13 

IV. Stem 

, 17 

V. Do. (contd.) ... 

, 22 

Annual 

ib. 

Biennial 

ib. 

Perennial 

ib. 

Stem 

ib. 

Stock 

23 

Creepers 

ib. 

VI. Do. (contd.) ... 

25 

Exogens 

26 

Endogens 

28 

Acrogens 

29 

VII, Leaves 

30 

Venation 

31 

Alternate 

32 

Opposite 

33 

Verticillate ... 

ib. 

VIII. Do. (contd.) ... 

35 

Vernation 

ib. 

Shape of the 
leaves 

36 







Xll 


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LESSONS. 

EAGE. 

9. ©2030 ( 3 . ooc^s)) 

IX. Leaves (contd.) 

39 

^320 

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... 

ib. 

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... 

40 

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Modification of the 



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... 

41 

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... 

42 

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X. The Inflorescence 

44 

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45 

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11. &&i&6\2Si{3<5 ' ... 

XIV. Stamens 

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Pollen 


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LESSONS. PAGE. 

XV. Pistil ... 72 

Stigma ... ib. 

Style ... 73 

Ovary ... ib. 

Placentation ... 76 

Axile ... ib. 

Parietal ... 77 

Free-central ... ib. 

XVI. Fertilization... 79 

Hybrids ... 82 

XVII- The Fruit ... 84 

Pericarp ... 86 

Endocarp ... ib. 

Mesocarp ... ib. 

Epicarp ... ib. 

Dehiscent and 
Indehiscent 
Fruits ... 87 

Achene ... 88 

Drupe ... 89 

Berry ... 90 

Pome ... ib. 

Legume ... 91 

Follicle ... ib. 

Siliqua ... 92 

Capsule ... ib. 


XVIII. Description 
of Flowers ... 93 
Flower Schedule... 95 




XIV 


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LESSONS. PAGE 

Description of a 
Plant ... 109 

XIX. Minute 
Structure ... lill 

Cellular tissue ... 112. 
Elongated taper¬ 
ing Cells ... ib, 
Vascular tissue 113 

XX. Food of Plants 117 

Composition of 


Plants ... ib. 
How plants obtain 


their food 

ib. 

Absorption 

ib. 

Transpiration ... 

119 

XXI. Assimilation, 


Respiration, etc. 

121 





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QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 

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GLOSSARY. 


Axile [cao. q’^ss+caeS)^] ©ssSca ©z§ 8 tf <j>i 8 S 
^3adS©C3^ ^dcas} 0zg8O3g. 

<£C3:£gs323d2S3d3 Silica [cao, <|C532S + £5C323d+2S3d] c§d3 

030? C3x©g<53 £©3303, 

<£0533d Carbon [cao. ^cS(=c33<^®cS) + ^3(5<£rf] qogdi, 

<£0353 82533 00 Carbonic Acid [e 3 o. <£0533 8253 + <£© 0 ] <£0333 
d03333 <£©003 025^0©©^ C3l©g2D 03 Q 8©a3gSCS8Sj. 

<f 0 ^ 0 B 38533 d Digitate [cao. ^0^g + ^38S33d] qidSQzhzQ. 

^3 <^2333 £30253d Magnesium [cao. <£ + £,3333 + £308S3d] ©85$.G3dj 

<£0<g £©330885$. 

^08CS0 Inferior [cao. ^*0d+C20] ca02S$8£S3. 

<£08O2d©<d& Inferior calyx [cao. <£08CS0+ ©<•)«>'] ‘S©a)©2S3J 

&&’ c30££f 8eS0 ®<5&c3. 

<£<3353d3©d-dio Endocarp [cao. cp£Xa& + <£3©d-^ro] ©«330©o3d3 
©id©. 

<£®0 Acid [cao. <£® (= © 3338 ©IC 8 CS) + 8530] ^Z§(5* 

^©0853d Oxygen [cao. q’00 + 253a(=2£0©©eS)] <?i§(5 C° 
£©20 <£§5@©3cg©s5f. 

<£08531 8533d Spiral [cao. <£0253 + <£12533d] 853zdg<33ig<g©i>2S. 

<£©-S3oC3j2S3ad3 Panicle [C3o. <£©S3oC3+^32S3a2B] Cao8Sc^^ 
* §^853CK53©8S3a853a J&a\ 

; <£©©d 3 S 3 <g£ai 8 ^ Descending Axis [cao. ^© + ©d 3 £ 3 ^ 5 +<£ 8 ®] 
^85$0 £333000020 §0. 

^0©aS3 Indehiscent [cao. ^ + 0 + © a (=0©®£S) + 253$3]©2O3 
Olg'SJ, G&3qidi*Q. 

R 



126 


<jp§)s8<£^§S Simple [£3o, <£ +£3o +2S3aa (=0^<5 i 8©©£S) + 
253253] <£32}30©2D3§, e§<£D§, 'SJ^3§- 

<£e3002S) 003004555 2329028 Epocarpous [c3o. <^+eseS)^)+ 
0030045 sO 23 £ 5 + 028 ] 82530 © 2 O 3 §)zg '0 ‘ 00300^3 

23.0’c325j’©CS328 Q 25X53. 

<£32533090 .ZErial [C3o. <£32533(39+0] <£32S33C59©C3$§ 0l§<^ 
©253028 02328. 

^3 8S<s 3^3 Complicate [e3o. <£o!D + 2S3aa (=0fg0z8©0£9) + 

253253] 

Adventitious [e3o. <£3© + <53i)(==C53®©2S3eS ) + #2 
+ 0] <£(3320252253 0(39©C328 c958 cSc3 2S3z^28 20zq3<3§. 

^3^M0d2Q0 Protoplasm [eso. <£3<;:s +0)3252] §00328 <£z25^ 
© 0 £§ 0 L£* 28 ©S) 282 O 3 g q 3 $ 3232 O 530 ©O 3 £S 230282 O 3 CSDsSsB 
( 392532828 SD 0 g) 03 G) 30 § 003 2059253 £020253 0 (g£ 0 :eCO 2 S. ; 


^3§003§ca Drupe [ao. ^>i}+00+<£3§] <£®©(53S 0z20 

00028 . 

<£3 025^3 25318 ’ §S3§co Protective Organs[e 3 o. <£3 + 025^3 + 
2S332>28+§2O§Q0] 028c3 ©60128800 <£0<33B §2Ogc00328 
g©0£3® 8^S3 28 ©gD 20 §20§co. 

<£30a25330005 Pericarp [C0o. ^530 jS3 + <£30045*)]©<338 cO 0©C 

8cS0 0z0®. 

$20go3 Organ [fi3«. §2g(=^32S3Dco) + §CO©] ©0200 ©02022 
0Z©0c8 ©03^8020 <£0030. 


§2S3go3028 Organic [fiOo. <g>2Cgc3+028] §2O§03 £323253. 
§20^0309 253253 Whorl [C3o. § 20^00 + 0a 25320] 92ngc3C32S: 

^cdc- 

0^0£O^D Ventral Suture [«o. 0<£0+£3<f3] <£z2^(^ 23z25 
©25328 28 © 02 O £32£3c0. 


0 <£ 8 q Vegetable [eao. (=*8^©0eS) + 2S3] 0 a 25 S 

02533 ^, 23030 ) 28 . 






«9 l a o^. 127 

GO0<s5? Epicalyx [sjo. +©<£2t?] esi§o§) ©<s2?co enaSai 
©g©©<£ ©*3&C3. 

C^Sia^ Superior [ea°. 0es2> + ta0] g©cs$8(98. 

0C3&CS0 ©<£& [Superior Calyx [cao. 0O&C30 + ©<6&]*S©S) 
©2SJ3@C30’ 08s3SeS8 ©<5&ca. 

£)S33^aS3a235 Monodelphous [C 3 o. €)S 35 + -^ 3 S 3 a -f ,3533}]0255© 
ca©eofgd ©cassf o©^^ <£z<otes3325f©z^3. 

©.ssiSId!'© Annual [cao. ©aa + ©§+d’S-ssf] ©.sa <£§<5z<f^ss# 
o©436ossf de)a$©££teQ3§. 

©^c3 Herbaceous [e 3 o. ©^ (=0g5d5ca) + cD 3 (=£<5'©©c8) 

+ 2$] ©ag Qai &Qdd)Z8. 

©eeSasaad Labiate [cao. ®s©+<pj8a3<5] ©S 330 ?©zd 3 . 

2 S 5 <s 56 oS)c 3 Throat [cao. ss5<dS(=aaa)g®i©c9) + 0] ©Sbg©. 

sass® Tuberous [cao. ssso (=.d0o3) + c ) (=^©©d3)-f-§28] 
SSSS"©®^ ©sa^rfg -ssj^asj 1 ©eaf § 0 f. 

2 a 0 ©sa Stigma [cao.sag (=®z£?©©d3 ©aa©^ qz)Q25&-£& 
CSS'©©^)+ C883e{] ©©0C9 ©l 2 Dl^ <£©CC©©C3d3 ££© 
©23©^ §g#3. 

5530^5 Embryo [C 3 o. £S3(^’(=CD>dsOiS!f2SS’©©£S.) + 02 §S] 

ca ^z-^©0^ QcSS ©^-85530C3.3SJ^ &&&f 

OiQiScd. 

, 8 S 3 © 3 © 3 SS 33<5 Valvate [cao. 3a©30+<£3.833 d] 853g0©8 ©£* 
©esd3 ©eal ©<s52t?c33) qidd. 

-8253^3 Woody [cao. ^S3aC5^(=©z©^©'©^) + ‘83S3-S3'J S3g(§. 

8S0O3 Style [cao. oS(5(=©i^©©^)+ -so] «^©v833cs3d©ca^ 
2S30©te3C3 gd88S3 <233003. 

^<5zca32S33d Cruciform [.s^dies+<£3.833 d] ^dzca©z^9. 

z^g©253(gss33ca©^8s3 ^Estivation [cao. 2350 ®+ 23 ( 3833 + 
C3©^9s3] ©(5 -83i£20 <2DzsSC;d3©©<23 ^asaadoa. 


128 .8134£5§S^3S)0. 

© 85 ) 3 @^ 3 © 0 < 3 S 8 S 338 S 3 a 2 S Spadix [e 3 o. ©2533®-|-2S©0<33>53-f- 
<£3233a88] ©8533<gC32Sf <£3<gJC8©85330 8©80 00. 

,g)8S30J2S33d Serrate' [c3o. 25853 © (=8$c38S3) + <£38S33d] 28cs2S3253 1 
52rf©i«9 q; 8202 sf ©2533 0. 

-aidcD^ Laticiferous [sso. ^d+cDad^f] 8§2>^d85j , 8533§}: 
©S302tf 28d<$i£3. 

©)d3d' Mineral [eso. ©eS (=<£ 38 S 3 dc 3 ) + d]^ 38 S 3 d©( 38 tf end* j 
<338^25330^ ©032533^03. 

<23 ^£5 Kingdom [ 80 . ca^(=C53<^2tf28S'©®£§] ©c§ 33 c 3 , cag) 
S303. 

6380853 Sulphur [O3o, 638tfc3 (=j8o£33©©eS ©23025$ ©o©0 
S)©0d3) + <£©-f 25325$] ©<3385$qG3i). 

q3=^3SS3ad3 Corymb [e 3 o. q3©d-f-^3853a2S] 8S338S33 

S3l^5^ 8S3iq38g ^£503853 ^63 <£i£S 8S3i0©(385$ g23$ ©253 
0520®z§cg ®(5e3g2303. 

es^t^a^sssd Bell-shaped [cso. efi^^3-f^32333d] 8cg0©i29 

© 2532533 d Rotate [£ 3 o. ©25 + <£ 32533 d]©d:f^©i 28 ,© 0 g. 

©■0£32S30333 2533 d Papilionaceous [£ 3 o. 8^£3S3033 (=£30330 
033 )+<£32533 d] £3©8S30©C325 ©i«9. 

g<^§OT2S3d Calsium [cso. (=^^) + 253a (=2^3 

©08S] Q^0C(^02D ^©0g®33C3. 

rfQi®a-c9 Umbel [tto. d -0 + <? 3253 a 28 ] 25 ©C 325 f©id 3 ® 0 . 

d08S3d Hydrogen e ^0 + 2S3a (= 8 fi#®©{&] <^C3 0 C<; 

©20 <£(§0©3£9 §©<S3S£C32S$. 

c^03 2533 d Reticulate [«3o. dj0-f<£32S3ad] £08st©z2S. j 

d'S 3038 S 33 d Linguate [C 3 o. d2303-f <£ 38533 d] ^|©2Sf©z89. 

603853253253 Nitrogen [#o, 6 ©(=^©) + <£85323853] ©©©g<^ 
0£Sq©8S$8533§ ^©2S3£385toj§ 03Q©©G3^O38S. 

60385385325338253 Nitrate [«o. 60J80853853 + <£3S«3] 60385325325 
2D3 ^®08S3d8SD® 03cg®6<33ca25$©ed ©25?853d) ©gcS2Sf. 




129 


©©£) Ovule [eso. S(=^cS(3©>©eS) ] ^g-ssscSsSdd. 

S££)©2S33® Ovary [03o. 0©£)4-©2S33G*] >^g«S3(S §5do325} 
-8S3i00d3©S)s3 cedaiS3o3. 

£53S322®C3 Fibrous [03o. S3<S3£52 + ®C3] © 2 S 3 § ©S304rf“ 

(§(^.) 

esdSteo^ssad) Cyme [03o. £X5da)3) + ^£S3ad3] dl000jW ©d 
282828 <jid3 ©(^©cs^^d. 

d5^<do Acute [«3o. 28d" ^oSg^sSS*©©^ ©©128g<£^0 
©®oS) 4-osfodss] cd§* 

-2^0a^€) Balance [o3o. ^0s + -2 £)] O3©q)0. 

.sg^sssd^ Assimilation [c3o, ^0» + 00 + S33d^] ©ossr? 

§S3^C30©j“ ^OS^sSS©^ S3©£tf0 ©O33SSJ30) g0;aC32S} 
S3©25j“33©iDd0 9033032510 ©230(3©. 

&}&>& Glume [03o. &2d(==32g0©®oS)4-.a53] ©233251.83. 

SSa-^^SqMa Botany [o3o. 83a.<di + <£3^4-0q;»3] ®a,£^083:j 
^25l ©*<<5 g0 £©251083 ©303003. 

©©830 Oil [03o. 2^0 (=S30)4-<?<£^] <£l02^2S0(32Sl ©25l 
•S3 ©20(^0103 <^C33di©S3(^. 

«52S3&)32S33d Dentate [03o. qSDSSd-^^^] <£Sl0z28 q’Bssosf 
^ld3©^S33 0 . 

*^©0103(3*000 Epipetalous [03o. 90 + 02304-000] ©(^©osoS 

C0 B£3. 

£0 Liquid [eso. gz(_0zo^S©®oS) + ^d] ^c3g0B. 

0 ^ 3 S 3 aSS 3 Diadelphous [03o. 0 +29183a+ 253253“] 03©.©Iqd 
03253“ ©q©q©S325 <fzS!l2S332Sf0i28. 

00§dS Biennial [ 030 . 0 + 0§ + 2§025l] ^gdzefqosf d?®sl 
02Sj“S33§. 

00§a0^33^0 Perennial [ 030 . 8 + 0§ + ^cD2S3 + dr§25l] q>§ 
dzg ©q^33S530 0i0-ss3^“ dB-s^o^tog. 

0332 Metal [030. 03(=<; > <3'©®o9) + S225^] ©03©3^c3. 


130 

cSiasssa^ Spike [«o. Sh«5a + <SS+<f»®a4S] ab«B 
2S)dQZS5zh : £> ©(5 

gs^d£)03^c3 Capsule [cao. 6}£3:gd+0)0 + <p§] 

©C5300zd3 0>0dbdL 

<330533 ©d^ssdi Ammonia [fi3°.] 0^3© gSsco. 

<S3:jd033003^c3 Berry [cao. <£533d®33 + &0+ <?*§] ©>c,Q^ 
©C30 Si«8 00djd3. 

«33gsS33^S3D<5 Tubular [oo. <S3D(j8S)3 + <pSS33<5;] -S300zd3. 

^5c33^3ca Absorption [eao. d3 + es:j(.=a5©®d3) + 0£©] 
0333^^ ©£330©0<C5j‘ d53/0d)C53z<§X&®. 

£3©s£>5g03.853od Imbricate [cao. o©sS^03 (=£<&)-fq’issnd] 
©O^C 5 ^^® 3 ©^ 0cag(5 ^3S333d (®(5©23£8©2 dI ®<^ 

o^®3SS53dd'£S353 Pinnatifid [cao. ossd® (=8<K3§) + qp£S33 
d+cStfED (=£S3zCg) ]0C33£3-£rf©d SS30)©S33g <?zdB. 

e^5«53g^S33 €3©S50S3 Vernation [«3o. es^g + 253(3-833 + C3fkg 
©33 ] ©3530003 q0035330©C3£§ ^z2S(3>d3©£kO ^3£S33(5 c0. 

£3^5533 Leaflet [eao. 0£g + 3533}] C3©38 <«^j© 3S330 00 
©8303$ 2S^8£S00 0dS3 233 00 ©£5330, 

od© Pollen [eao, od + o© (=csa®@«5«8)] ®(^00 gdzss 
<£0C30C33$c9 <^z£9 £S33303$£5£} 0C&53C3.3S$. 

C3S©cs3i@5 Transpiration [eao. £36'+cgd’ (=0c3(3©®2S) + 

esss{] ^C3id<330C3 2S3d-<^O©25330©S3-do 0a £5^0333^3$ 

©(333$0£>;)d 000®. 

£3C£03^ 8^253 Zoology [C3o. £3Cg + <£3^ + 0q«o] C320C8 5$ 
(33z-do a®-do^rf 0C53 33033 G33330C3. 

gdz^©ss3G53d Stamen [eao. 9dzS2 + ©£53C53d] ®©0^ QsS3: 
gdz®> <£0030. 

0gc3§}0O£g Sepal [cao. 93^3 + §}0 + csq] ®© 0d3§0O0 

©8303$ ®<£$?a0. 



&iQ saq. 131 

Dorsal Suture [o<>. eaeG (=80)+a*S] 80 
Oi^©S3Sj* 28©©<33sa<E§5cS. 

©a®isQss5 ©833©ca Floral Envelope [eao. g ^3 + 0 )< 55 ^+ 

©833 S3 ] ©(^GvSSJigS). 

g833csq Phosphorus [eao. g833G3 + e, (=^©®d3) ] q» 3 ©03 
<S3ca©g23 ^©0g0BOS. 

g<^)(g2S33SS33d Funnel shaped [eao. g + ^g^a-f-^o^d] 
‘ g©23i0 ’ csss? 0id3. 

g0® §0 Radicle [cao. g£© + §}0] C30§©0d3 §0©®8tf 

‘ ^2Sf0C38O 230x23©C8C& £(^©a300d. 

g©d)£>45so Germination [cao. g + dies} (=0iS©@cB) + 0^0] 
£3i00©. 

g©ea03083 Inflorescence [cao. eae^8 (=88®©$) + 0g©] 

®(5 8©C320 §^C3. 

gs^ogq Oxygen [cao. ga^So + g + g, (=0©©c9) ] ga-^ca 
02020 23d8tf203g) 03g§©G3SSC82St. 

ga03 d Involucre [eao. g + <ja© + 0a (=©02SSr®©cS) + 
ss^] 800*8®. 

00 Fruit [cao. 8 (^ (=£50cs3z<£6?©®d3) -f <^©] ©g-s^ea© 
©85+203 ©C3©03 ©28 -83 d 0 . 

0030 d 4^5 Carpel [eao. 00 + <?3®d-dK>] ®0eaz<®d3©sD2O 
§2Ogc30a23£De32o68S^ ®z^023 e3x^2S©©20 ©83308. 

©qp ©dJ© ©233^02+ Syngenesious [eao. ©c£D + od)©+ 
©233^5 + 02+] 0230©zg2O ©d)ffl©233®C32Sj©©8S}g23©. 

©qp es?§ gd*GS ©23©d02+ Gynandrous [eao. ©4D + es^ + 
gdzSS + ©S3©d+02+] 0230 ©i£*29©©20 gdi^©23© 
d £53 ese§©23©dca2Sj’©©£5$ g23©. 

©£§d)0d^ Epicarp [e 3 o. ©eSd +^3 0d^] ©©©©C3CS 

6S25+e9©©20 0*8®. 


132 


§©30£g8d3SS3a2S Catkin [eao, S©30 + g0d +^assadi)] 
©<§(** ©<5<S)G32Sl©id3 (®(^Sd3-£EteO.) 

gQ Cell [eao. (=©a)^©®£S)+£S3] ^©aSgd. 

<§0®c3 0<sfl© -S3 Cellular Tissue [eao. 80 + ®g 3 + j| 

©0ces$ djcS^aaS©®^ ©cs-^®^©®^ e3ig©8tf. 

gd®^)<53 Placenta [eao. gd+6)<£)<s3j £3dc3£tf ©0©o3cS || 

&d& & ©suo®*® * 

t6s3i5 eaeSD^) Parietal [eao. sSsssS + esSS)^)] ©<sS©oac9 
©0(^©(^ tfi25£(£&lE$&id Q$dcs>&$ o)ig>S33§. 

tQS 50 gs 3 Biology [eao. egss + SgBd] ea££)did3-8£ls33 ©ass=2 

0-5233 C53l-<£^0 0C333j©£Sjd33©) (333 £2003, 

®d^3 Sap [eao.®C±5£tf ( = ©Sg) + 03d] ©aS5S50«33^©CSt 
C9<S'dS333-SDS3d©03£^ <53C§£tf<53o§ <©8#to)g] d£3©C3:f8. : 

®<^ Calyx [«o. ®^3 (=<33 g^£SS'©®c9) + 9^] 

9^>§c30a<33S3 easadsj' 80-sSerf® 8c93 g-ecgoada 333303. j 

(^£303^53253® ©23®^ @<^©03003-853® £3^(33833 ©©C3££f 
©03D3®C3 ©g^30d[©(^C3. 

®43k£) 034533(5 Orbicular [c3o. ®4 SsS)0 + ^3^S3d<5] ®-4£c© 0 
C3SSf©8, ©©§. 

®g Nectar [eao. ©etf (=eai0£S©®^) + c] Ozd3- 

©abasdifb Free Central [eao. ©cDa + ^adid] ©C53Sc3®i^£tf 
ai^^ioa332sf©®£tf §>dcs>&j BcSS, 

©cDaaSd^ Mesocarp [eao. ©cDs-f <£3©d<dio] ©G53§©c3e98©= 
©id©©-sf ^z0(5®id®0-sl“ ^.33©dc88£93 ©id®. 

©g©dt@ Medullary-Rays [80. ©gd + dlg] < 853 ©^ ®©a| 
©oacS 8®8®® g©d3©©#3 ©d£}3®©f. 
gg853e^33©8S33-8S3a2S Raceme [eao. §§esj-f-«oa 3 ©esj + <pssjad?] 
@^©(^02S3 ^38S3ad^id3 ©(^dkSfite). 

©a^So.0 Filament [eao, ©a-^ (=2>gS©®£8) 

®©0cS edi©©asM®ca*sf gd)8S>S3 £©s®caf. j 







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0 S3 <£. 

Fat [oo. (=©.s3(5odkDg©©:9) + 53ffl^] 

©53<50 i ^ CQG&d!' 

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